Uterine Polyps

Uterine polyps, also known as endometrial polyps, are common growths or lesions in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) that extend and take up space within the uterine cavity. While uterine polyps are normally benign/non-cancerous, some can be cancerous or can ultimately develop into cancer.  Polyps range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters.  They are attached to the wall of the uterus by either a flat, large base (sessile) or by an elongated, thin pedicle or stalk (pedunculated).  While they typically reside exclusively within the uterus, there are cases of pedunculated uterine polyps that protrude down through the cervix and into the vagina.

There is no known definitive cause of uterine polyps, however, they appear to be affected by hormonal factors and grow in response to circulating estrogen.  While uterine polyps can often be asymptomatic, some women do experience signs and symptoms.  These symptoms may include vaginal bleeding after menopause, heavy menstrual bleeding, irregular periods, bleeding between menstrual periods, spotting (from blood vessels of the polyp), infertility, and/or dysmenorrhea.

Treatment for uterine polyps may involve medication and/or surgical removal using hysteroscopy or curettage.  Hormonal medications may reduce the symptoms that arise as a result of uterine polyps.  Surgical removal may be recommended for larger polyps.  Hysteroscopy is commonly used to surgically treat polyps.  During hysteroscopy, the surgeon inserts the hysteroscope (small telescope) inside the uterus, giving him/her the ability to visually see inside of the uterine cavity.  The surgeon may then insert various instruments through the hysteroscope to help remove the polyp.  If cancerous cells are discovered after microscopic analysis a hysterectomy may be recommended.

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